Benjamin O. Davis - Tuskegee Airmen - World War II

Benjamin O. Davis - Tuskegee Airmen - World War II Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. (conceived December 18,â 1912â at Washington, DC) earned notoriety as the pioneer of the Tuskegee Airmen during World War II. He had an embellished thirty-eight-year vocation before he resigned from well-trained. He kicked the bucket on July 4, 2002, and was covered at Arlington National Cemetery with much differentiation. Early Years Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. was the child of Benjamin O. Davis, Sr. furthermore, his significant other Elnora. A profession US Army official, the senior Davis later turned into the administrations first African-American general in 1941. Losing his mom at age four, the more youthful Davis was raised on different military posts and looked as his dads profession was hampered by the US Armys segregationist strategies. In 1926, Davis had his first involvement in flight when he had the option to fly with a pilot from Bolling Field. After quickly going to the University of Chicago, he chose for seek after a military profession with the expectation of figuring out how to fly. Looking for admission to West Point, Davis got an arrangement from Congressmen Oscar DePriest, the main African-American individual from the House of Representatives, in 1932. West Point In spite of the fact that Davis trusted that his cohorts would pass judgment on him on his character and execution instead of his race, he was immediately evaded by different cadets. With an end goal to constrain him from the institute, the cadets exposed him to the quiet treatment. Living and feasting alone, Davis suffered and graduated in 1936. Just the academys fourth African-American alumni, he positioned 35th in a class of 278. In spite of the fact that Davis had applied for admission to the Army Air Corps and had the imperative capabilities, he was denied as there were no all-dark flight units. Thus, he was presented on the all-dark 24th Infantry Regiment. Based at Fort Benning, he told a help organization until going to the Infantry School. Finishing the course, he got requests to move to Tuskegee Institute as a Reserve Officers Training Corps educator. Figuring out how to Fly As Tuskegee was a generally African-American school, the position permitted the US Army to appoint Davis some place where he was unable to order white soldiers. In 1941, with World War II seething abroad, President Franklin Roosevelt and Congress guided the War Department to shape an all-dark flying unit inside the Army Air Corps. Admitted to the primary instructional course at close by Tuskegee Army Air Field, Davis turned into the main African-American pilot to solo in an Army Air Corps airplane. Winning his wings on March 7, 1942, he was one of the initial five African-American officials to move on from the program. He would be trailed by about 1,000 more Tuskegee Airmen. 99th Pursuit Squadron Having been elevated to lieutenant colonel in May, Davis was provided order of the primary all-dark battle unit, the 99th Pursuit Squadron. Working up through the fall of 1942, the 99th was initially booked to give air resistance over Liberia however later was coordinated to the Mediterranean to help the battle in North Africa. Furnished with Curtiss P-40 Warhawks, Davis order started working from Tunis, Tunisia in June 1943 as a feature of the 33rd Fighter Group. Showing up, their tasks were hampered by segregationist and bigot activities with respect to 33rds administrator, Colonel William Momyer. Requested to a ground assault job, Davis drove his group on its first battle crucial June 2. This saw the 99th assault the island of Pantelleria in anticipation of the intrusion of Sicily. Driving the 99th through the mid year, Davis men performed well, however Momyer revealed in any case to the War Department and expressed that African-American pilots were second rate. As the US Army Air Forces were surveying the formation of extra all-dark units, US Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall requested the issue contemplated. Thus, Davis got requests to come back to Washington in September to affirm before the Advisory Committee on Negro Troop Policies. Conveying enthusiastic declaration, he effectively safeguarded the 99ths battle record and made ready for the arrangement of new units. Provided order of the new 332nd Fighter Group, Davis arranged the unit for administration abroad. 332nd Fighter Group Comprising of four every dark group, including the 99th, Davis new unit started working from Ramitelli, Italy in pre-summer 1944. Reliable with his new order, Davis was elevated to colonel on May 29. At first outfitted with Bell P-39 Airacobras, the 332nd changed to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in June. Driving from the front, Davis by and by drove the 332nd on a few events including during an escort crucial saw Consolidated B-24 Liberators strike Munich. Changing toward the North American P-51 Mustang in July, the 332nd started to win a notoriety for being extraordinary compared to other warrior units in the theater. Known as the Red Tails because of the particular markings on their airplane, Davis men ordered an amazing record through the finish of the war in Europe and exceeded expectations as aircraft accompanies. During his time in Europe, Davis flew sixty battle missions and won the Silver Star and Distinguished Flying Cross. After war On July 1, 1945, Davis got requests to assume responsibility for the 477th Composite Group. Comprising of the 99th Fighter Squadron and the all-dark 617th and 618th Bombardment Squadrons, Davis was entrusted with setting up the gathering for battle. Starting work, the war finished before the unit was prepared to convey. Staying with the unit after the war, Davis moved to the recently shaped US Air Force in 1947. Following President Harry S. Trumans official request, which integrated the US military in 1948, Davis helped in coordinating the US Air Force. The following summer, he went to the Air War College turning into the primary African-American to move on from an American war school. Subsequent to finishing his examinations in 1950, he filled in as head of the Air Defense Branch of Air Force activities. In 1953, with the Korean War seething, Davis got order of the 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing. Situated in Suwon, South Korea, he flew the North American F-86 Saber. In 1954, he moved to Japan for administration with the Thirteenth Air Force (13 AF). Elevated to brigadier general that October, Davis became bad habit officer of 13 AF the next year. In this job, he supported in modifying the Nationalist Chinese aviation based armed forces on Taiwan. Requested to Europe in 1957, Davis got head of staff for the Twelfth Air Force at Ramstein Air Base in Germany. That December, he started administration as head of staff for activities, Headquarters US Air Forces in Europe. Elevated to significant general in 1959, Davis got back in 1961 and accepted the workplace of Director of Manpower and Organization. In April 1965, following quite a while of Pentagon administration, Davis was elevated to lieutenant general and relegated as head of staff for the United Nations Command and US Forces in Korea. After two years, he moved south to assume responsibility for the Thirteenth Air Force, which was then situated in the Philippines. Staying there for a year, Davis became representative president, US Strike Command in August 1968, and furthermore filled in as president, Middle-East, Southern Asia, and Africa. On February 1, 1970, Davis finished his thirty-eight-year vocation and resigned from well-trained. Later Life Tolerating a situation with the US Department of Transportation, Davis became Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Environment, Safety, and Consumer Affairs in 1971. Serving for a long time, he resigned in 1975. In 1998, President Bill Clinton elevated Davis to general in acknowledgment of his accomplishments. Experiencing Alzheimers illness, Davis kicked the bucket at Walter Reed Army Medical Center on July 4, 2002. After thirteen days, he was covered at Arlington National Cemetery as a red-followed P-51 Mustang flew overhead. Chosen Sources US Air Force: General Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.Aviation History: Benjamin DavisNational Park Service: Benjamin O. Davis

Personal Application of Criminology

Individual Application of Criminology cooperate in their gathering and along these lines he can't deny being a companion to the kid. He clarified that the kid is splendid in class and encourages him to enhance the things that he has not seen well from their instructor. Therefore, he chose to make him a school companion however he has nothing to do with him with regards to home exercises. Since I was not persuaded I went further and requested that my child mention to me what he think about his companion and in the event that they take an interest in similar exercises. I am not exceptionally secure with his way of life in light of the fact that most our exercises are school focused, he said. From this data, I comprehended my child was ignorant. This made me to think about the subsequent choice of examination. Getting more examination from my children companions In the wake of attempting my best to accumulate data and fizzled, I mentioned my child to disclose to me a portion of his companions that could be all the more near the kid with the goal that I can get more data. My child didn't spare a moment this. He let me know and even took as much time as necessary to take me to where they were. All things considered, this was incredible in light of the fact that it truly helped me to assemble more data. We got one of my children companions Jimmy whom I stopped for a moment to chat with, in the discussion I inquired as to whether he realizes that kid well and what they partook in like manner. Jimmy clarified that they had known each other as of late, and he in this way had little data about him. He felt free to reveal to me that despite the way that they had known each other as of late, he had the option to see that the kid was benevolent. Other than this, his jolly face and great execution in class made them neighborly. Then again, he had as of late found that kid looked so cryptic. He was not prepared to open up to companions, and did the greater part of his exercises quietly. This answer made me to be progressively curious. I needed to recognize what sort of insider facts the kid had so I can think of better foundation of crimes. It constrained me to ask Jimmy clarify precisely what he implied by saying the kid is clandestine, and what sort of mystery did he keep. Jimmy disclosed to me that he sat close to him in class and he appeared to have an excess of cash however on asking him, he was not prepared to tell where he gets it. Jimmy likewise noticed that the kid may here and there look fretful and he would state he is going to take some medication. After at some point, he returns to class diminished and with a joyful face however if Jimmy somehow happened to solicit what kind from infection he experienced and medication medicine a specialist he could no tell. Jimmys proclamation squeezed me had, that I was unable to falter burrowing further. I subsequently, request that Jimmy reveal to me whatever other companion that realizes the kid better. Jimmy at that point chose to tell and give me perhaps the dearest companion of the kid called Wayne. I got Wayne and talked about this issue. While examining with Wayne he disclosed to me that separated from being companions they were likewise close neighbors. He included that despite the fact that he is a nearby neighbor he isn't his dear companion. I despite everything didn't become weary of my examination, I in this way asked Wayne to let me know for what good reason the kid was not his dear companion. He said that the kid vigorously remained at home, he would have his day spent out of his home and arrives behind schedule at night. This character was in opposition to what Waynes guardians expected and accordingly this caused them to have an inaccessible companionship relationship. This was insufficient to make my examination. I along these lines requested that Wayne lets me know whether there is whatever other individual who could give me more data about the kid. I could see Wayne making an effort not to know any of the young men companions. I unmistakably observed from Waynes eyes that there was something fishy. This was something stunning in light of the fact that it drove me to speculate Wayne as well. I thought for some time, and got a thought. It was bad to give Wayne a possibility over this. I chose to utilize issue a treat to him. I revealed to Wayne that I had definitely known every one of their insider facts and. Other than this, I had known all the exercises they attempt, hence it will be better on the off chance that he unmistakably clarify this. In the event that he doesn't he will likewise be a survivor of condition and he will land to the hands of law. The treat I gave to Wayne made him to reveal to me progressively about the kid. Ha said that the kid was rich and at once, he had proposed to him that they participate in a specific business with the goal that he likewise gets rich. This announcement stroke my head, I at that point become sharp and asked for additional. Wayne felt free to state that he really didn't have the foggiest idea about this business on the grounds that the kid had a condition to this, He will possibly acquaint him with the business if he somehow happened to concur the terms and state of the business. Since Wayne was not prepared to acknowledge the terms and condition, he was unable to be acquainted with the business. I stuck Wayne to the divider, however he demanded that he didn't know about the business. He said that he had noted something peculiar in that kid, Wayne had once sited on their gallery when he saw him snick out of their home with a sack on his back. He at that point moved a separation and made an exchange with a specific man. Prior as far as possible of that exchange, he saw the kid taking something like a cigarette from his pocket at that point lit it and smoked for a brief timeframe. He at that point returned to the house following smoking. On the next day, Wayne asked him for what reason he was connecting with himself prone to smoke. The kid denied it totally and even requested to know where Wayne saw him smoking. I met the guardians of the kid for additional examination In the wake of social affair data to this point, without satisfying my craving I currently thought of moving to the subsequent stage. I made a stride ahead to meet with the guardians of the kid. I got his dad at that point requested that he give personal time to talk about over the issue. He was certain and permitted me an opportunity to examine with him. I disclosed to him that I had noted something peculiar from his child. He was prepared to hear me out. I currently revealed to him that I once get back home and discovered my entryway partially open, just to discover it was his child in my kitchen. Other than that, he had set aside my gems and he smelled pot. I revealed to him that this scene was not satisfying and I chose to instruct him to leave promptly and he did as such. I disclosed to him that it was something irritating to discover that little fellows participate in crimes. I along these lines caused an examination so as to set up the crime. He was by all accounts apprehensive, yet I felt free to disclose to him that I had conveyed a concentrated examination. From my examination I had set up proof that the kid was a lawbreaker. I requested that his dad settle on a choice on what to do so as to spare him from wrongdoing. The dads reaction was acceptable. He said that he was unable to deny the way that his child could be taking part in crimes. He included that as of late, he has been returning home past the point of no return and on asking him, he would state that he gone out to play with his companions. Something else that he had noted was that his child removed additional time from home. Fortunate enough he was in when I came and he had not understood my quality in their home. His dad called him. I scrutinized the kid concerning the real factors that I had built up from the earliest starting point of the examination. The kid couldn't concede, I chose to utilize dangers as a proportion of distinguishing a lawbreaker. I took steps to call a police, this was nothing to him he despite everything prevented the charges from securing wrongdoing on him. His dad and I come into an understanding; we concurred that we would make a hunt in his room. In the hunt, we got a pack containing weed and different sorts of medications. Other than this, he additionally had risky weapons, for example, gun and blade. His dad was irritated, as a result of his inconvenience he chose to call the police. He said he was against wrongdoing and he would not endure it in his home. At the point when the police come, we utilized the kid to carryout more examination. We discovered that there were other little fellows taking part in criminal initiates. From the individual utilization of criminology, it is urged to find out about wrongdoing. This will assist our general public with growing genuinely, socially and ethically upstanding. It causes individuals figure out how to draw in themselves in helpful exercises rather than wrongdoing. Particularly the adolescent, they are powerless and this turns into a premise of training to them.

Rumination Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment

Rumination Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment Eating Disorders Diagnosis Print Rumination Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment By Susan Cowden, MS facebook linkedin Susan Cowden is a licensed marriage and family therapist and a member of the Academy for Eating Disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Susan Cowden, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on February 06, 2020 Rachel Goldman, PhD FTOS is a licensed psychologist, clinical assistant professor, speaker, wellness expert specializing in weight management and eating behaviors.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on February 06, 2020 More in Eating Disorders Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Awareness and Prevention Rumination disorder involves bringing previously chewed or previously swallowed food back up to the mouth, to either spit out or re-swallow. Its also sometimes called regurgitation disorder. In babies, rumination disorder usually ends without any medical intervention. But the condition also can last into later years. Most people who are treated for rumination disorder are children and adults with intellectual disabilities and/or developmental delays. For these people, regurgitation and rumination seem to be soothing. Rumination disorder differs from self-induced vomiting more commonly found in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa because in rumination disorder the regurgitation is usually automatic and not usually intended to influence shape or weight. It is important to remember that because these rumination behaviors are often done in secret and there is a fear of how others will react to it, it is assumed that many people who are struggling with this disorder do not seek treatment. Unfortunately, the true prevalence of rumination disorder is unknown. Diagnosing Rumination Disorder In order to meet the criteria for a diagnosis of rumination disorder, someone must meet all of the criteria for the condition outlined in the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  (DSM-V), the guide that mental health professionals use to diagnose mental conditions. These criteria include: Repeated regurgitation of food for at least one month.  This food may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit-out.  The regurgitation occurs without any sort of nausea or retching.There is no medical condition causing the person to regurgitate their food (for example, someone with bad heartburn might regurgitate food unintentionally).This problem does not occur exclusively when the person is suffering from another feeding or eating disorder such as  anorexia nervosa,  bulimia nervosa,  binge-eating disorder, or  avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder.If the symptoms are occurring alongside another mental disorder, the symptoms are severe enough to warrant attention by themselves. Rumination disorder is relatively rare among adults receiving treatment for eating disorders. One recent study assessed 149 consecutive females entering residential treatment for an eating disorder and found that 4 patients met criteria for rumination disorder, but were ineligible for a formal diagnosis because they met criteria for one of the other eating disorders.   Complications of Rumination Disorder People who have rumination disorder can suffer from malnutrition, and that can lead to a host of other medical complications.  Malnutrition  may occur because rather than eating more food, the person is continuously eating and re-chewing the same food over and over again. Older children and adults may also restrict what they are eating in order to avoid negative social reactions to their rumination. Less extreme complications of rumination disorder are bad breath, tooth decay, and ulcers on the esophagus.   Treatment Unfortunately, there is very little research on the treatment of rumination disorder.  However, the treatment of these symptoms must be individualized to each person, based on whether or not there is another co-occurring disorder such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, or if the person is intellectually delayed.   If the person with rumination disorder also is suffering from another eating disorder, then treatment goals will focus on that problem, with the goal of reducing all symptoms related to the eating disorder.  For a young child or someone who has an intellectual disability or delay, treatment will likely include some type of behavioral therapy and may include goals such as changing the way(s) the person is able to soothe themselves. Behavioral strategies such as diaphragmatic breathing training, which teaches individuals to breathe using their diaphragm muscles are often effective because diaphragmatic breathing is incompatible with regurgitation. Self-monitoring of the behavior can also be beneficial by drawing greater awareness of the behavior.

A Case Of Mecial Ethical Dilemma - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 972 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? An elderly woman, age 91, named T.B was found unresponsive. Emergency services was called and for approximately 45 minutes, attempts were made to revive her and to regain a heartbeat. Although she regained a heartbeat, she did suffer an anoxic injury to her brain because of the extended period without oxygen to her brain. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Case Of Mecial Ethical Dilemma" essay for you Create order She is now on life support and is developing pressure sores because of being bed bound for so long and is also developing pneumonia because of using a ventilator for a long period of time. T.B has three children who are adults, and concerned about their mothers future. The doctors explain to them that their mother has no quality of life, her prognosis is poor, she is very advanced in age and her neurological status is not getting better. Taking into consideration all this, the doctors recommend putting a do not resuscitate (DNR) order into her chart and taking her off life support. Naturally, this has stirred up many different emotions in T. Bs children and has caused them to be divided as to what to do. This case is very delicate because it deals with human life and whether it would be ethical to keep her on life support or not. Careful deliberation will have to be made to make the best decision possible. Medical Indicators The patients medical problem is an anoxic brain injury. The article Evoked potentials not just to confirm hopelessness in anoxic brain injury states, Complete cerebral circulatory arrest and oxygen deprivation cause unconsciousness within seconds (Kreiger, 1998, p.1). The brain can survive only a few minutes without oxygen so making a full recovery from this is very rare. T. Bs prognosis is very poor, and her case is terminal. As stated in Legal and Ethical Issues for Health Professionals Although there may be a duty to provide life-sustaining equipment there is no duty to continue its use after it has become futile and ineffective to do so in the opinion of qualified medical personnel (Pozgar, 2016, p. 125). Even if T. Bs neurological status did improve and she did make a recovery, the damage she sustained is already severe and the quality of life she would lead would be poor. Given T.Bs advanced age. the possibility of recovery is little to none and medical and nursing care would b e of little help to her if she made a recovery, because she is now permanently disabled. Patient References T. B has not been made aware of the risks and benefits of being on life support or the termination of life support. The patient is unresponsive and currently does not have the mental capacity to grasp the intensity of her situation and she has not stated what she would like done incase a situation like this should occur. She does have three adult children capable of making decisions for her. Although they are divided on what the best decision is to make, they each want to do what is best for their mother. The patient is not unwilling or being uncooperative or denying medical treatment. Quality of Life Without the patient being on life support, there would be little chance of a normal life because the patient would not survive. With the patient being on the treatment, there is also little chance of having a normal life because T. B would be bedbound. The doctors can judge her quality of life because having a patient that suffered an anoxic brain injury, medical personnel would know that there is little to no chance of having a normal life. An article called Euthanasia statesthe motive is to relieve comatoseness, physical suffering, anxiety or a serious sense of burdensomeness to self and others (Frederich Tischauser, 2013). Taking T. B off life support would be reliving her of any physical suffering she might have to endure or might have to live with. It would also relieve the children of the trauma of seeing their mother with a disability and ultimately dying. The ethics of euthanasia are highly debatable; some agree with it and think that you are saving that person from a life o f pain. Others disagree and according to the article Top Ten Reasons Euthanasia Should be Illegal, Euthanasia is the conscious act of ending a life by withholding necessary treatment (passive euthanasia) (Anderson, 2015). In the article, Anderson goes on to say that euthanasia can be viewed as murder by some. Many would disagree with this because although euthanasia is debatable, there are many benefits to it. Contextual Features There are no professional, business interests or interprofessional interests that might create conflicts in the clinical treatment of the patient. There are not any other parties interested in this case except the family members and the doctors. There are also no known religious or monetary issues that would prevent them from making a decision. However, there are health issues that would affect the decision; the patient is developing bed sores from being bedbound for a long time and pneumonia because of prolonged use of the treatment. On top of dealing with a permanent disability, if she gets well, she would also have to deal with pneumonia and bed ulcers; at her age, this could be life threatening. There are not conflicts within hospitals that may affect the patients welfare and clinical decisions. Conclusion The correct decision must be made in this situation. Taking T. B off life support would be the best situation in this case. In the article Active and Passive Physician-Assisted Dying and the Terminal Disease Requirement, Varelius statesa patients disease is terminal when it leads to her death within a given period, usually that of six months (2016. P. 2) T. B did suffer a terminal injury and her chances of living and prognosis is not good. In this case, removal of life support would be the best decision.

A Research Study On Group Dynamics - 1671 Words

In group dynamics, the attitudes and behaviors of a group are the main concern to any therapist. More so, the way the group is formed, its structure and processes involved in its running are equally important. People in a particular group share a common vision to help achieve the goals they set. When creating a group, one should take into consideration the type of group to create, the target population and the purpose of the group. In this project I will create a therapy group and address the necessary information required. In classifying a group of choice by type, the group can either be formal in which is established by a given organization with an aim of achieving its goals or an informal group, where they naturally develop as people with similar goals come together. There are three main types of informal groups which includes interest groups, friendships groups and reference groups. I am going to develop a therapy group and specifically an adolescent support-group therapy. This group is aimed at helping (gay/lesbians/bisexuals) g/l/b teen aged students are able to learn major topics affecting their lives such as peer pressure, dating, family relationship and self-esteem. This will help have a socially healthy group of teenagers in our society as they will develop or learn necessary life skills during the study sections. Also, the issues of teenage pregnancy will be addressed together with drug use in the society. Deep analysis of drug abuse and addiction will a majorShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Group Dynamics On The Productivity Of An Organization1701 Words   |  7 Pages Impacts of Group Dynamics on the Productivity of an Organization Organizations around the globe understand clearly the needs of the people they serve. For employees, the need for training is always to enhance their capacity in a way that helps them to perform their work effectively. 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Foreign Exchange Management in Perfect Pieces Limited Free Essays

Ltd is exposed to foreign exchange risk because it buys some of its production inputs from overseas and pays for them in foreign currency; has sales revenue in foreign currency and competes with other manufacturers whose costs are denominated in foreign currency. The company imports from New Zealand, Japan, and the United States. The company’s foreign currency payable are in the US Lars, NZ dollars, and Japanese yen. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Exchange Management in Perfect Pieces Limited or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, the sales are mostly conducted in US dollars. Proceedings of the International Academy for Case Studies, Volume 10, Number 2 Lass Vegas, 2003 page 74 UP Lad’s exposure environment consisted predominantly of the US dollars, the NZ dollar, and the Japanese yen. The foreign currency denominated sales were about 52 percent of total sales: 40 percent in US dollars, and 12 percent in New Zealand dollars. The company’s estimate of US dollar denominated payable was 36 percent of total sales: 19 percent in US dollars, 12 percent in Japanese yen, and 5 percent in New Zealand dollars. In general UP Ltd gives customers an average credit period of between 3 to 6 months while the average credit period for all foreign currency denominated payable was 3 months. There was therefore a working capital gap as the collection of accounts receivable was longer than accounts payable. This situation was made worse by the fact that 40 per cent of the sales were denominated in US dollars and the US dollar was weakening against the Australian dollar. There was no cover taken out for the exposure in US dollars because the financial accountant who acted as the company’s exposure manager thought the US dollar would shortly strengthen. Previously the US dollar was stronger than the Australian dollar and the company had gained from the US dollar denominated receivables. This experience had apparently, surprisingly, made the company’s exposure manager consider it inappropriate to hedge the US dollar. The responsibility for identifying FEMME was in the hands of a financial accountant, with the assistance of the general manager. They hedged 50 per cent of the transactions for accounts payable in Japanese yen, and accounts receivable in New Zealand dollars. The financial accountant, in consultation with the general manager, bought forward contracts to cover the exposures. Most senior members of the company were concerned with manufacturing, promoting and marketing products rather than foreign exchange exposure management. It was increasingly becoming difficult for the general manager to meet the financial accountant in order to manage FEE because the general manager had to deal with other company duties. Previously, the general manager and the financial accountant met at least once a day to assess foreign exchange market movements. The increasing inability to meet the general manager as frequently as before was making the financial accountant concerned. The financial accountant was anxious that he should be left alone to make decisions in matters as volatile as the foreign exchange movements. The financial accountant felt that it was important to specify Job descriptions in order to attach responsibility for the monitoring and compilation of foreign exchange information. Presumably, he hoped, that would lead to increasing resources in his section. He explained: The two clerks in my section are responsible for helping me in ash management, pension management, as well as compiling foreign exchange exposure management forecasts. The finance section is very understaffed. The engineering and marketing functions were considered more important than financial management. The finance section was not only understaffed, but it also lacked properly qualified and experienced personnel. The general manager thought that taking personal interest in treasury matters would mitigate the sense of alienation that was perceived by the financial accountant. The lack of understanding about the importance of FEMME among most of the company officers was discernible urine the interview. Most senior managers considered the primary tasks in the company to be the operational activities, namely; manufacturing, procurement, and selling. Lass Vegas, 2003 page 75 In terms of the organizational structure for exposure management, members of the company felt that centralization should be pursued subject to other considerations. One senior member of the company said: The task of identifying and managing foreign exchange exposure is too onerous to be left in the hands of only one functional unit The financial accountant was a relatively Junior officer in the company and had robbers in trying to obtain information he needed to manage exposure. Since FEE is a result of activities that transcend one functional unit, and can be constrained by lack of resources such as trained and experienced staff, and lack of appropriate equipment, this seemed to call for a company-wide policy from the top. The dialogue with most members of the company confirmed that there was no company-wide policy for FEMME. The next point was to consider the extent of risk aversion. Most members of the company were keen that currency risk should be avoided as much as possible. Some of the members wondered why the company should not invoice customers in Australian dollars rather than foreign currencies. As to the general attitude to foreign exchange risk, some members said that they generally preferred average expected return with average risk to high return with high risk for any business involving foreign currency denominated receivables and/or payable. But if the company was considering projects which involved no foreign currency receivables or payable, then high expected return and high risk projects could be considered. One of the senior officers, however, pointed out that foreign exchange considerations are but one factor. He was supported by another senior officer who said that sometimes the company may have other overriding strategic considerations to take into account, such as obtaining a share of the market even if that means at the expense of incurring foreign exchange loss. The company’s foreign exchange rate forecasts were mainly obtained from banks and publications such as the Financial Review newspaper. The information on foreign exchange rates was prepared manually. The lack of computerizing was considered hindrance to better monitoring of exposure management. The influence of the satisfaction with previous foreign exchange forecasts on hedging could only be commented on by the financial accountant and the general manager who carried out hedging of FEE. They both said that satisfaction with previous foreign exchange forecasts had minimum influence on the way they hedged. They were not confident with the forecasts they used. As they said: Foreign exchange forecasts are Just forecasts, they are never the same as the actual exchange rates so we are usually less confident about them. The extent of hedging is a situational matter. UP Ltd was involved in foreign exchange transactions at least once a fortnight. It was evident that the intensity of involvement in foreign exchange transactions did not have any influence on the hedging behavior. In spite of the fact that the US dollar denominated receivables were left exposed, Proceedings of the International Academy for Case Studies, Volume 10, Number 2 page 76 most members felt that the extent of involvement in foreign currency denominated business should be accompanied by more hedging activity. How to cite Foreign Exchange Management in Perfect Pieces Limited, Papers

O Henry Essays - O. Henry, Short Story, , Term Papers

O Henry "William Sydney Porter- later known as O. Henry was born in North Carolina." O. Henry wrote many colorful and dramatic short stories. The inspiration for the many stories that he wrote came from his experiences through life. Some of these include working in a "drugstore, sheep ranching, bronco busting, living as a fugitive in Honduras" (Zwerger #1) William Sydney Porter's mother died when he was only about three years old. After her death William moved in with his aunt and his grandmother. While he was living with his aunt and grandmother will started to enjoy reading books and drawing sketches. "Will was influenced a lot by his Aunt". When will was seventeen he got his first real job. Will worked in a Drugstore with his Uncle Clark. "His Uncle Clark was the owner of the store". "Will liked working as a Pharmacist got licensed as a practicing pharmacist". .(Current-Garcia, pg13 #2) In 1882 will decided to leave home and come along to Southwest Texas as a guest of Mr. and Ms. Hall. They were going to visit their four boys that lived out in Southwest Texas. "Will enjoyed Texas very much he learned the ways of the west and while out in the west he started to develop talent as a cartoonist". Will also learn how to raise cattle and work on a cattle ranch. Will enjoyed working on the ranch, he worked on the ranch for about two years. . (Current-Garcia, pg13 #2) "In 1884 will decided it was time for a change of pace and moved to Austin Texas". Will still kept his interest for drawing cartoons and drawing sketches. At age twenty-five, he married a beautiful nineteen-year-old lady named Athol Estes. A year after there marriage their first child was born. Sadly their son died shortly after his birth. "Will and Athol were devastated by this". One year later they had another baby and it was a healthy girl, they named her Margaret. Margaret became ill after the second child (Current-Garcia, pg13 #2) "In 1891 will worked as a teller in The First National Bank of Austin". Will was not making enough money so in 1894, he bought a printing press and started publishing his own a comic. The paper was printed weekly and put in the Rolling Stone paper. A year later he decided to give up the paper. He was suspected and later questioned by the authorities embezzlement charges. "In 1985 will wrote short stories and drew many sketches for the Houston Post. (Current-Garcia, pg14 #2) In 1896 will was arrested on charges of embezzlement. "While awaiting trial will fled to New Orleans and than on to Honduras". After about a year of being away from the states will came back to Austin only to find his very sick wife who dies only a short time upon his return. Will went and turned himself into the Authorities shortly after he returned. He was tried and found guilty and sentenced to five years in the Federal Penitentiary in Ohio. (Current-Garcia, pg14 #2) "While in prison will wrote more than a dozen short stories". These stories were published in many national magazines. Will was released two years early from prison due to good behavior. Will moved to New York and became famous under the pen name O. Henry. O. Henry singed a contract with The New York Sunday World for a weekly feature short story. Over the next two years will produced over a hundred stories and for this he gained national fame. (Current-Garcia, pg14 #2) In 1904 will published his first book, Cabbages and Kings. This book was a book of short stories. The stories were about his adventures and experiences in Central America. Four years later Will Publishes his second book "The Four Million" it was a collection of twenty-five of his stories that were his most famous in New York. This book was a huge success for will. (Current-Garcia, pg14 #2) In 1910 William Sydney Porter died In New York.